Calendar Changes
A few years ago I was conversing by email with a group of astrologers when someone raised the question of whether it would be possible to have a client whose birth date was given in the Julian calendar. The immediate answer was a resounding NO. Except a Greek contributor pointed out that her fathers birth date was given in the Julian calendar. And an Alaskan contributor pointed out “Well, I'm sitting right next door to an old Russian Orthodox church in Alaska, and yes, they use the Julian calendar. For the USA, I'd use the state records before the Russian church records. But Alaska wasn't a state until the 1950s, so I'd take it into account if you're doing a chart from pre-statehood Alaska, and the records are from a Russian Orthodox Church (of which there are many here).”
This developed into a torturous attempt to find out and list the dates as far as possible of when various countries changed to the Gregorian calendar. The first two references I looked at were in direct contradiction to one another. And further research showed that this matter is nowhere near as simple as it first looked. The list below gives the best findings I have so far. It is nowhere near complete and any correspondence is welcomed.
Before going into the list however, a little bit of background will put it into context. The recommendations of Pope Gregory's calendar commission were instituted by the papal bull "Inter Gravissimus," signed on 1582 February 24. Ten days were deleted from the calendar, so that 1582 October 4 was followed by 1582 October 15, thereby causing the vernal equinox of 1583 and subsequent years to occur about March 21. And a new table of New Moons and Full Moons was introduced for determining the date of Easter.
The Roman Catholic world was quick to adopt the new calendar. It was initially rejected by Protestant states but gradually accepted over the next few centuries. How gradually can be seen from the list below.
The Eastern Orthodox churches rejected the new calendar and continued to use the Julian calendar with traditional lunar tables for calculating Easter. Because the purpose of the Gregorian calendar was to regulate the cycle of Christian holidays, its acceptance in the non-Christian world was initially not at issue. But as international communications developed, the civil rules of the Gregorian calendar were gradually adopted around the world.
The Gregorian reform consisted of the following:
Ten days were omitted from the calendar, and it was decreed that the day following (Thursday) October 4, 1582 (which is October 5, 1582, in the old calendar) would thenceforth be known as (Friday) October 15, 1582.
The rule for leap years was changed. In the Julian Calendar a year is a leap year if it is divisible by 4. In the Gregorian Calendar a year is a leap year if either (i) it is divisible by 4 but not by 100 or (ii) it is divisible by 400. In other words, a year which is divisible by 4 is a leap year unless it is divisible by 100 but not by 400 (in which case it is not a leap year). Thus the years 1600 and 2000 are leap years, but 1700, 1800, 1900 and 2100 are not.
New rules for the determination of the date of Easter were adopted (the old rule relied on the Jewish calendar).
The first day of the year (New Years Day) was set at January 1st. (New Year's Day, the first day of the new year, was celebrated in different countries, and sometimes by different groups of people within the same country, on either January 1, March 1, March 25 or December 25 prior to the adoption of the Gregorian calendar.)
The position of the extra day in a leap year was moved from the day before February 25th to the day following February 28th.
During the 16th to 18th centuries it was common for the general population to continue using the Julian calendar long after the official introduction of the Gregorian. Dates would be marked as Old or New style. (OS or NS) to prevent confusion.
People complain today about confusion caused when travelling by changing time zones. In years past simply moving around Germany would involve a change of date at regular intervals. During the First World War England and Germany shared common dates but these differed from Russian and Turkish dates by 14 days.
So the answer to the original query was - yes. It is possible for a client to give birth data in the Julian calendar. If he was born in certain areas of Greece before 1924 then his birth certificate will give a Julian date. Or if he was born in certain parts of Eastern Europe before 1919 he would offer a Julian date. What follows is a listing of dates of calendar changes as far as I have been able discover. And we have to admire the original approach of Sweden in this, who managed to be completely out of synch with the rest of the world for 53 years.
NOTES FOR USE: There is no categorical reliable source for changeover. Unannotated references from first sources as listed below. Supported by later references. Sources are given for conflicting references. When 16th and 18th century references are given for the same entry the first refers to Catholic dioceses and the second to protestant areas. In these instances both calendars would be in operation. Dates given are those of legal changeover, not necessarily of general usage. European states and cantons are given under those names rather than under countries we now recognise. German and French names given but I may have missed translating one or two so it's worth checking alternative spellings. Some attempt has been made at cross-referencing but it is recommended that the list be checked thoroughly. American States given under state name where they vary from British changes. This is under constant revision so amendments with sources are appreciated.
Aachen: 4 November 1583 was followed by 14 November 1583 s
Alaska: From October 18 1867 the US administered Alaska using the Gregorian calendar. The pre-1867 Russian records are based on the Julian calendar, as are Russian Orthodox church records for a number of years after the transfer. 5 October 1867 was followed by 18 October 1867.s z Also given 28 november q
Albania: December 1912 or 1913 s Also given sDecember 1912 or 28 November 1912 q
Alsace: Upper 13 October 1583 was followed by 24 October 1583 s
Alsace: 4 February 1682 was followed by 16 February 1682 1848 z
Alz-Neuburg: 13 December was followed by 24 December 1615 a
Antwerpen: 20 December 1582 was followed by 31 December 1582 s
Appenzall: 1 January 1724 a
Appenzell Ausserrhoden: 5 December 1798
Appenzell Innerrhoden: 22 January 1584
Argovie: 12 January 1701
Artois: 14 December 1582 was followed by 25 December 1582 x s
Augsburg: 13 February 1583 was followed by 24 February 1583 s z a
Austria : During October to December 1583. r some parts 6 January 1584 was followed by 17 January 1584 s See dioceses Brixen, Salzburg, Tirol, Carinthia (Kärnten), Styria (Steiermark)
Baden Margraviate: 17 November 1583 was followed by 27 November 1583 s or16 November 1583 was followed by 27 November 1583 z
Bale Campagne: 12 January 1701
Basel/Basle: (diocese) 21-30 Oct 1583 e or 1 January 1701 was followed by 11 January 1701 e or 20 October 1583 was followed by 31 October 1583 a or 31 December 1700 was followed by 12 January 1701 a or 12 January 1701
Bavaria (Bayern): 5 October 1583 was followed by 16 October 1583 s a or 15 October e, (diocese) 16 November 1583 was followed by 27 November 1583 z
Belgium: Then part of Netherlands. See separate regions/states Brabant, Flanders and Hainaut (Hennegau) Diocese of Liege (Lüttich) Then part of the Netherlands 14 Dec 1582 was followed by 25 Dec 1582 x 21 Dec 1582 was followed by 1 Jan 1583 x Spanish provinces 21 December 1582 was followed by 1 January 1583 z
Berne: 31 December 1700 was followed by 12 January 1701 a ,Catholic bishopric12 January 1584 was followed by 21 January 1584 e or1 January 1701 was followed by 11 Jan 1701 e
Biel:12 January 1701 was followed by 21 January 1701 e or 1812
Bohemia: 6 January 1584 was followed by 17 January 1584 a r or 16 January 1584 e
Bosnia: 1 December 1918 q or 15 January 1919 was followed by 27 January 1919 e
Croatia: 1 December 1918 q
Brabant: 12 December 1582 was followed by 1 January 1583 s or 14 December 1582 was followed by 25 December 1582 x s or 15 December 1582 was followed by 24 December 1582 e or 22 December 1582 was followed by 31 Dec 1582 e or 21 Dec 1582 was followed by 1 Jan 1583 or 1 January became 12 January 1583 (this is better documented)
Breisgau: 13 October 1583 was followed by 2 November 1583 or 24 October s or 14 November 1583 was followed by 23 November 1583 or 14 October 1583 was followed by 23 October 1583 e
Brieg: 31 December 1700 was followed by 12 January 1701 s
Brixen: 5 October 1583 was followed by 16 October 1583 s a or 6 October 1583 was followed by 15 October 1583 e
Bulgaria: 31 October 1915 was followed by 14 November 1915 s or 31 March 1916 was followed by 14 April 1916 s q or 13 April 1916 or 1 November 1915 was followed by 13 November 1915 e
California: (Spanish) 5 October 1582 was followed by 14 Oct 1582 e
Canada: - Mainland Nova Scotia1605 s Back to Julian Calendar in the (JU) period 2 September 1710 to 2 October 1752 and back to Gregorian Calendar again 2 September 1752 s New Foundland and Hudson Bay Cost 2 September 1752 s Canada British Canada changed with Britain. French Canada was mainly Gregorian upon settlement - but reverted to the Julian calendar when possession changed to Britain, after which a final change was made as above. Different regions followed the changes in Great Britain or France. Different areas changed at different times. Newfoundland and Hudson Bay coast: 2 Sep 1752 was followed by 14 Sep 1752 w Mainland Nova Scotia: Gregorian 1605 - 13 Oct 1710 Julian 2 Oct 1710 - 2 Sep 1752 w Gregorian since 14 Sep 1752 w Rest of Canada: Gregorian from first European settlement w
China: Decided by the advisory senate Tzu-cheng-yuan on 20 November 1911. China do not count the years from birth of Jesus Christ s Before China had a non Julian calendar. R China Gregorian replaced old calendar from 1-Jan-1912 e
Cleves, Duchy : 12 January 1584 was followed by 28 November 1583 s or 18 November 1583 was followed by 27 November 1583 e
Cologne (Köln): City and archdiocese of: 4 November 1583 was followed by 14 November 1583 s or 3 November 1583 was followed by 12 November 1583 or 3 November 1583 was followed by 14 November 1583 s or 4 November 1583 was followed by 13 Nov 1583 e, Archdiocese inc. Aachen 3 November 1583 was followed by 14 November 1583 z, 3 November 1583 was followed by 14 November 1583
Corinthia/ Carinthia /Kärnten: 15 December 1583 was followed by 24 December 1583 e 14 Dec 1583 was followed by 25 Dec 1583 s
Croatia: 30 September 1923 was followed by 14 October 1923 s, 18 January 1918 was followed by 12 February 1912 - date of founding of Republic is also commonly given or 15 January 1919 was followed by 27 January 1919 e
Czech Republic: (Austrian Empire) 7 January 1584 was followed by16 Jan 1584 e, Czech Republic, i.e. Bohemia (Böhmen) and Moravia (Mähren) 6 January 1584 was followed by 17 January 1584 s x
Dalmatia: 1 December 1918 q or 15 January 1919 was followed by 27 January 1919 e
Denmark & Norway: 19 February 1700 was followed by 29 February 1700 e, Danish law of 28 November 1699 or 18 February 1700 was followed by 1 March 1700 s x r Different authorities say 18 Dec 1911 was followed by 1 Jan 1912, 18 Dec 1928 was followed by 1 Jan 1929, 18 December1911 followed by 12 February 1912, 18 Dec 1911 was followed by 1 Jan 1912 x. Gregorian calendar only in general use in 1949.
Drente: 30 April 1701 was followed by 12 May 1701 z or1 January 1701 was followed by 11 Jan 1701 or 1 May 1701 was followed by 11 May 1701 e or 31 December 1700 was followed by 12 January 1701 s
Egypt: 1875 - no date available
Eichstätt, Eichstadt: 6 October 1583 was followed by15 Oct 1583 e or 5 October 1583 was followed by 16 October 1583 a s
Estonia: Part of Russia until 24 February 1918 31 January 1918 was followed by 14 February 1918 s x q or 1 February 1918 was followed by 15 February 1918 z Evangelical Fiefs in March of 1584 s
Færø Islands: - Part of Denmark. Danish law of 10 April 1700 GR .16 November 1700 was followed by 28 November 1700 s z or 16 November 1700 was followed by 26 November 1700 or 17 November 1700 was followed by 27 November 1700 e
Finland: - Then part of Sweden. Finland has later been part of Russia but the Gregorian calendar remained official in Finland but with some use of the Julian calendar. 17 February 1753 was followed by 1 March 1753 s The Gregorian calendar remained official in Finland, but some use of the Julian calendar was made. e
Flanders: 21 December 1582 was followed by 1 January 1583 s a or 14 December 1582 was followed by 25 December 1582 x or 22 December 1582 was followed by 31 December 1582 e
Florence: 20 December 1749 was followed by 1 January 1750 s or 20 December 1750 was followed by 1 January 1751 a
Florida :(Spanish) 5 October 1582 was followed by 14 October 1582 e
France : with Lorraine (Lothringen) 9 December 1582 was followed by 20 December 1582 s or 10 December 1582 was followed by 19 December 1582 e The Gregorian calendar was abandoned in 1793 on 5th October in favour of the Republican calendar. France Republican Calendar 22 September 1792 to 31December1805. The Gregorian calendar was re-adopted in 1806
Freiburg: 12 January 1584 was followed by 21 January 1584 e or 17 November 1584 was followed by 28 November 1584 a or 11 January 1584 was followed by 22 January 1584
Freising: 5 October 1583 was followed by 16 October 1583 a s or 6 October 1583 was followed by 15 October 1583 e, also given 22 January 1584
Friesland and Drente: 31 Dec 1700 was followed by 12 Jan 1701
Friesland and Groningen : 31 December 1701 was followed by 12 January 1701 e z or 1 January 1701 was followed by 11 January or 2nd January 1701 was followed by 12th January 1701 e
Friesland: 12 December 1700 or 1 January 1701 was followed by 11 January 1701 e or 31 December 1700 was followed by 12 January 1701 a or 30 Nov 1700 was followed by 12 Dec 1700 x
Gaster: 1584 e
Gelderland: 30 June 1700 was followed by 12 July 1700 z r a, Protestant areas, also given as 1 July 1700 followed by 11 July 1700 e, 30 Nov 1700 was followed by 12 Dec 1700 x, Catholic areas 22 December 1582 was followed by 31 December 1582 Gelderland1700.06.30 1700.07.12 -s
Geldern: 12 December 1700
Geneva/Geneve: 31 December 1700 was followed by 12 January 1701 a or 12 January 1701 was followed by 21 January 1701 e
Genf: 12 January 1701
German provinces in Sweden 19 February 1700 was followed by 29 February 1700 e l or 18 February 1700 was followed by 1 March 1700 s
Switzerland : Catholic 12 January 1584 was followed by 21 January 1584 or 11 January 1584 was followed by 22 January 1584 rProtestant 1 January 1701 was followed by 11 January 1701 v or 31 December 1700 was followed by 12 January 1701 r or Catholic cantons: 1583, 1584 or 1597 Protestant cantons: 31 Dec 1700 was followed by 12 Jan 1701 (Many local variations) s
Germany and provinces see provinces Augsburg, Treves (Trier), Bavaria (Bayern), Freising, Eichstätt, Regensburg, Breisgau, Jülich-Berg, Cologne (Köln), Aachen, Würzburg, Mayence (Mainz), Baden, Strasbourg, Münster, Cleve, Silesia (Schlesien), Lusatia (Lausitz), Westphalia (Westfalen), Paderborn, Pfalz-Neuburg, Osnabrück, Hildesheim, Minden.
Germany: Catholic except listed states11 February 1583 was followed by 20 February 1583 (attempt failed) then 6 October 1583 was followed by 15 Oct 1583 At first Monday February 21st 1583 should succeed Sunday February 10th, but this did not work. Later it was decided that Sunday October 16th should succeed Saturday October 5th. r
Germany: protestant except listed states19 February 1700 was followed by 29 February 1700 e or 18 February 1700 was followed by 1 March 1700 s r
Glaris: 1 January 1724
Glarus: Catholic communes1 January 1701 was followed by 11 January 1701, Protestant communes1798 e, 1724 a
Goms: 31 December 1700 was followed by 12 January 1701 s
Grabunden: 1798
Great Britain and Dominions: (including much of what is now the USA): 2 Sep 1752 was followed by 14 Sep 1752 The Calendar (New Style) Act, 1750. 24 George 2, c. 23. An Act for regulating the Commencement of the Year, and for correcting the Calendar now in Use. [Amended by 25 George 2, c. 30.] Note: Although this is the date of legal adoption the new calendar was in common use from 1704. 1752 was a leap year
Greece: 15 February 1923 was followed by 1 March 1923 s r or 16 February 1923 was followed by 28 February 1923e . Greek Orthodox Church 9 March 1924 was followed by 23 March 1924 s or 10 March 1924 was followed by 22 March 1924 e. Adopted Julian Calendar in 1846. Some parts of Greece apparently adopted the Gregorian calendar as early as 1846 although the Orthodox Church continued to use the Julian calendar. The Eastern Orthodox Church officially adopted a modified form of the Gregorian calendar on October 1 1923, which became October 14 1923. 9 Mar 1924 was followed by 23 Mar 1924 x 15 Feb was followed by 1 March 1923 Greek Orthodox church 10 March 1924 was followed by 24 march 1924 The Greek Government adopted the Gregorian calendar for civil records on 1 March 1923. The Church of Greece (the Greek Orthodox Church) adopted the amended Julian calendar (the dates correspond to the Gregorian calendar) on 24 March 1924 for church records. s
Grisons: Catholic communes1623-4 Grisons, mixed communes1650-1750 Grisons, protestant communes1783-1812 e
Groningen: Attempted change 1-10 Mar 1583 reversion 24 Jan 1574 second change 1 January 1701 was followed by 11 Jan 1701 e or 28 Feb 1583 was followed by 11 Mar 1583 s Gone back to Julian in the summer of 1584 13 Dec 1700 was followed by 12 Jan 1701 or 31 December 1700 was followed by 12 January 1701 a or 30 Nov 1700 was followed by 12 Dec 1700 x or 12 December 1700 or 31 December 1701 was followed by 12 January 1701 e z s Groningen went back to Julian Calendar on 19 November 1594 GR where the following day was 10 November 1594 s
Hainaut (Hennegau): 12 December 1582 was followed by 1 January 1583 s or 22 December 1582 was followed by 31 December 1582 e or 14 December 1582 was followed by 25 December 1582 x or 22 December 1582 was followed by 31 Dec 1582 e
Herzegovina: 1 December 1918 q or 15 January 1919 was followed by 27 Jan 1919 e
Hildesheim diocese: 15 March 1631 was followed by 26 March 1631 s a z or 25 March e
Holland (Brabant, Flanders, Hennegan and some provinces to the south). 21 December 1582 was followed by 1 January 1583 r s or 14 Dec 1582 was followed by 25 Dec 1582 x or 1 January became 12 January 1583 (this is better documented) 1582 .
Holy Roman Empire: Imperial Court 6 January 1584 was followed by 17 January 1584 f
Hungary: Legally introduced on 21 October1587 GR s 22 January 1584 was followed by 2 February 1584 s or 21 October 1584 was followed by 1 November 1584 r or 21 Oct 1587 was followed by 1 Nov 1587 or 22 January 1584 was followed by 2 February 1584 or 23 January 1584 was followed by1 February 1584 but legally 22 October 1587 was followed by 31 Oct 1587 e.
Iceland: At that time part of Denmark. Danish law of 10 April 1700 GR 16 November 1700 was followed by 28 November 1700 s z or 17 November 1700 was followed by 27 Nov 1700 e.
India: The national calendar based on the Saka Era with Chaitra as its first month and a normal year of 365 days was adopted from 22 March 1957 along with the Gregorian calendar for the following official purposes: (i) Gazette of India, (ii) news.broadcast by All India Radio, (iii) calendars issued by the Govemment of India and (iv) Government communications addressed to the members of the public. g
Ireland: (British) 3 September 1752 was followed by 13 September 1752e 2 September 1752 was followed by 14 September 1752 s
Israel: The Gregorian calendar was in official use by the British in Israel between 1917-1948. There is no specific date of conversion in 1917 - it has been postulated that the Gregorian calendar was introduced on 1 March 1917 s
Italy: - most territories 4 October 1582 was followed by 15 October 1582 s r e See Florence and Pisa
Japan: The Meiji Restoration in 1867 brought with it a drive to westernise Japanese culture - the Gregorian calendar was introduced from 1-Jan-1873, replacing the previous Japanese calendar.e r Different authorities say: 19 Dec 1872 was followed by 1 Jan 1873 19 Dec 1892 was followed by 1 Jan 1893* 18 Dec 1918 was followed by 1 Jan 1919
Jülich-Berg: Duchy of: 3 November 1583 was followed by 13 November 1583 s a or 3 November 1583 was followed by 12 November 1583 e or 2 November 1583 was followed by 13 November 1583 z
Jura: 12 January 1701
Kärnten: See Corinthia
Kurland: 1617 a z See Latvia
Latvia: 1617 Duchy of Kurland (on 1796 back to JU calendar) s or 1 February 1918 was followed by 15 February 1918 s z or 2 February 1018 was followed by 14 February 1918 e
Lausitz, Lusatia: 7 January 1584 was followed by16 Jan 1584 or 13 January 1584 was followed by 22 Jan 1584 e
Liege (Lüttich): 12 December 1582 was followed by 1 January 1583 s or 11 February 1583 was followed by 20 February 1583 e or Liege diocese 10 February 1583 was followed by 21 February 1583 z a
Limburg: 21 Dec 1582 was followed by 1 Jan 1583 or 22 December 1582 was followed by 31 December 1582 e Limburg used the French Revolutional Calendar in the period 1796-1805
Lithuania: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Uznemune (Suduva) - part of Grand Duchy at that time 10 January 1584 was followed by 21 January 1584 s Areas under the Russian Czar administration reinstated the Julian Calendar on 1 January 1800 then 15 November 1915 was followed by 29 November 1915 s z q or 16 November 1915 was followed by 28 November 1915 e. The Gregorian or New Style Calendar was introduced in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Steponas Batoras, Grand Duke of Lithuania on 21 January 1584, soon after the calendar reform of Pope Gregory XIII, and replaced the prevailing Julian or Old Style Calendar. When Russia, which still maintained the Julian Calendar, in 1795 took control of the main part of Lithuania (Provinces Vilna, Grodno, Kovno, Mohilev, Vitebsk and Minsk, the Julian calendar was reinstated by the Czar administration on 1 January 1800. The Gregorian calendar was still in force in the southern Lithuania, the region called Uznemune or Suduva as it in 1795 was given to the German Prussia. Suduva became a part of the Grand Duchy of Warszawa in 1807 which from 1814 was controlled by the Russians. The Gregorian calendar was allowed to remain even after the Russians took over the region and in 1867 created the administrative province of Suvalkai. Thus, in Lithuania from 1800 to 1915, two calendars were in force. The dividing line was the Nemunas river. The Gregorian calendar was finally introduced throughout the country during World War I when the Germans occupied Lithuania. The last Julian day in Lithuania was 15 November 1915 and the first Gregorian day was 29 November 1915) s
Lorraine: 10 December 1582 was followed by 19 December 1582 e and 16 Feb 1760 was followed by 28 Feb 1760
Lotharingia: 9 December 1582 was followed by 20 December 1582 a
Louisiana : During the period in which the FRC was used in France, Louisiana was French for just three weeks (November 30-December 20, 1803). Prior to this French Interregnum, Louisiana had been Spanish since the 1760s, and the area became an American territory on December 20. The Frenchmen who arrived in 1803 brought the French Republican Calendar with them. The FRC was used during and after the French Interregnum although there is no evidence that it spread beyond the New Orleans area. s
Lucerne: (Luzern): 11 January 1584.was followed by 22 January 1584 s e
Lusatia (Lausitz) 6 January 1584 was followed by 17 January 1584 r or 7 January 1584 was followed by 23 January 1584 s
Luxembourg: 15 December 1582 was followed by 24 Dec 1582 or 22 December 1582 was followed by 31 December 1582 or 5 October 1583 was followed by 14 Oct 1583 e
Mainz: 11 November 1583 was followed by 22 November 1583 z a or 12 November 1583 was followed by 21 November 1583 e or archdiocese 16 November 1583 was followed by 22 November 1583 s
Macedonia: 15 January 1919 This refers to Yugoslav Macedonia, not the Macedonian areas of Greece or Bulgaria. 1 December 1918 q
Mexico: 5 October 1582 was followed by 14 October 1582 e
Minden principality. 1 February 1668 was followed by 12 February 1668 z s a or 2 February 1668 was followed by 11 February 1668
Mississippi Valley: with France 9 December 1582 was followed by 29 December 1582 s 10 December 1582 was followed by19 Dec 1582 e
Montenegro:1916 e or 1 December 1918 q
Moravia (Mähren): 6 January 1584 was followed by 17 January 1584 r or 7 January 1584 was followed by 16 January 1584
Mühlhausen: 1 January 1701 was followed by 11 January 1701 e 1812? s
Münster diocese: 12 January 1584 was followed by 28 November 1583 s or 17 November 1583 was followed by 28 November 1583 a or (city and archdiocese) 16 November 1583 was followed by 27 November 1583 z or 18 November 1583 was followed by 27 November 1583 e
Namur: 22 December 1582 was followed by 31 Dec 1582 e
Nechatel: 12 January 1701
Netherlands (including Belgium): Holland, Zeeland, Brabant, Limburg and the southern provinces (currently Belgium) 13 February 1583 was followed by 24 February 1583 a Most Catholic parts 15 December 1582 was followed by 24 Dec 1582 Netherlands see also Antwerpen, Artois, Brabant, Drenthe, Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen, Holland, Limburg, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland, Zutphen
Neuburg: (palatinate) 13 December 1615 was followed by 24 December 1615 z
Neuchâtel catholic (Solothurn) 12-21 Jan 1584 Neuchâtel protestant1-11 Jan 1701 e 1812? s
Nevada: (Spanish) 5-14 Oct 1582 e
New Mexico: (Spanish) 5 October 1582 was followed by14 Oct 1582 e
Nidwalden: 22 January 1584
Norway: See Denmark - At that time part of Denmark. Danish law of 28 November 1699 JU 18 February 1700 was followed by 1 March 1700 s r or 19 February 1700 was followed by 29 February 1700 e or
Nova Scotia:, under French control, used the Gregorian calendar from 1605 until Oct. 13, 1710 when the British took over. It reverted to the Julian calendar, in use by all British colonies, from 2 Oct 2, 1710 until 2 Sep 1752 and changed back to the Gregorian calendar on Sep 14, 1752.d
Obwalden: 22 January 1584 Or 1 December 1700 was followed by 11 Dec 1700 e Or 14 December 1582 was followed by 25 December 1582 s or 4 October 1583 was followed by 15 October 1583 s
Oregon: (British) 3 September 1752 was followed by 13 September 1752 e
Osnabrück: 1624 a e z s
Overijssel: 30 November 1700 was followed by 12 December 1700 a x s or 31 December 1700 was followed by 12 January 1701 a
Paderborn: (diocese) 16 June 1585 was followed by 27 June 1685 a or 17 June 1685 was followed by 26 Jun 1585 e or 13 December 1615 and 17 June 1585 s
Pfalz-Neuburg: 13 December 1615 was followed by 24 December 1615 s or 14 December 1615 was followed by 23 December 1615 e
Picardy: 21 December 1582 was followed by 31 December 1582 e
Pisa: 20 December 1749 was followed by 1 January 1750 s or 20 December 1750 was followed by 1 January 1751 a or
Poland: Most part of esp. Catholic areas 4 October 1582 was followed by 15 October 1582 s or 5 October 1582 was followed by 14 October 1582 eDuchy of Prussia (Preußen) 22 August 1610 was followed by 2 September 1610 s Russian part 14 January 1914 December 20th 1582 r Austrian/German 4 Oct 1582 was followed by 15 Oct 1582 See Silesia and Prussia
Portugal: 4 October 1582 was followed by 15 October 1582 Also December 20th 1582 r s e Areas which were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire used the Gregorian calendar prior to 1919. 30 Sep / 14 Oct 1924
Prussia: 22 Aug 1610 was followed by 2 Sep 1610 z r or 22 August 1612 was followed by 2 Sep 1612 a or 23 August was followed by1 September 1610 e Ravon31 December 1700 was followed by 12 January 1701 s
Regensburg: 5 October 1583 was followed by 16 October 1583 a s
Romania: 31 Mar 1919 was followed by 14 Apr 1919 Also given 28 July 1916 and 18 March 1920. The 1920 date refers to the Greek, Serbian, Russian and Rumanian churches. 14 July 1916 was followed by 28 July 1916 z Also given 1 April 1919 was followed by 13 April 1919 and 1 October 1924 was followed by 13 October 1924 e Russia, Soviet Union1-13 Feb 1918 - non-Julian calendar before 1700 e
Russia: Adopted Julian calendar in 1700 JU.31 January 1918 was followed by 14 February 1918 s r "Kolchak's republic" 30 September 1918 was followed by 14 October 1918 "Eastern Part" 4 March 1920 was followed by 18 March 1920 Orthodox church has retained the Julian Calendar s Different parts of Russia changed from the Julian to the Gregorian Calendar on different times during and after the revolution, most sources refer to the change in February 1918 where 31 January 1918 JU, was succeeded by 14 February 1918 GR. This law was signed on 26 January 1918 JU. In 1918 the Soviets were in the middle of a civil war. The "White" forces continued to use the Julian Calendar after the Soviets changed to the Gregorian calendar, so it was mostly a matter of who controlled what territory at a particular date. The new law which introduced the Gregorian calendar from 14 February 1918 GR was valid for St Petersburgh and Moscow. At that time the capital of Kolchak's republic was initially Omsk and the collection of his laws was published on 31 October 1918 JU. This collection includes a law about introducing the Gregorian calendar from 14 October 1918 GR. The last area of Russia to make the change was the Far East in 1920. This was after Kolchak's forces had been defeated and the Far Eastern Republic was set up under Soviet control. Various areas changed hands several times during the civil war. In Ukraine the civil war went back and forth, and Kiev changed hands about 16 different times during the civil war. s
Saint Gall: 1 January 1724
Salzburg: 5 October 1583 was followed by 16 October 1583 a s or 6 October 1583 was followed by 15 October 1583 e
Sargans: 12 January 1701
Savoy: 22 December 1582 was followed by 31 December 1582 e
Schaffhausen/ Schaffhouse: 31 December 1700 was followed by 12 January 1701 a or 11 January 1701 e
Schwyz: 12 January 1584 was followed by 21 January 1584 e or 22 January 1584 or 17 November 1583 was followed by 28 November 1583 or 11 January 1584 was followed by 22 January 1584
Scotland: 1 January 1600 was adopted as new year but Scotland at this time still used Julian calendar.
Serbia: - Belgrade Post & Telegraph earliest recorded use of GR calendar on 29 September 1878 followed by 10 October 1878 also 30 September 1923 followed by 14 October 1923 s also 18 January 1919 also 19 January 1919 was followed by 31 January 1919 e or 1 October 1923 was followed by 13 October 1923 or 15 January 1919 See Yugoslavia
Siders Leuk: 31 December 1700 was followed by 12 January 1701 s
Siebenbürgen: 15 December 1590 was followed by 24 December 1590 e
Silesia (Schlesien): 1 January 1584 was followed by 23 January 1584 s or 12 January 1584 was followed by 23 January 1584 r z or 13 January 1584 was followed by 22 January 1584 e
Sitten: 31 December 1700 was followed by 12 January 1701 s
Slavonia: 1 December 1918 q
Slovakia: - (see Hungary) 22 January 1584 was followed by 2 February 1584 s (Austrian Empire) 7 January 1584 was followed by 16 January 1584, or 23 January 1584 was followed by 1 February 1584, or 22 October 1587 was followed by 31 October 1587 e
Slovenia: 1 December 1918 q or 15 January 1919 was followed by 27 January 1919
Soleure: 22 January 1584
Solothurn: 11 January 1584 was followed by 22 January 1584 or 12 January 1584 was followed by 21 January 1584 e or 17 November 1583 was followed by 28 November 1583 a
Soviet - Latvia: *15 February 1918
Soviet - Lithuania: 15 February 1918
Soviet - Western: *14 January 1914 13 November 1915 14 November 1915* 18 Mar 1916 was followed by 1 Apr 1916 31 Mar 1916 was followed by 14 Apr 1916 3 Sep 1920 was followed by 17 Sep 1920 8 Mar 1916 was followed by 1 Apr 1916 x 1st November 1915 was followed by 14 November 1915 z 14 April 1916 31 Mar 1916 was followed by 14 Apr 1916 w
Soviet all :*1929 instituted 5 day week and altered calendar. 1932 instituted 6 day week and again altered calendar. 1940 June 27 returned to N.S. See Russia
Soviet- Estonia: *15 February 1918
Spain: By an order of Philip II dated 19 September 1582 4 October 1582 was followed by 15 October 1582 s r e
Spain: American Colonies 1584 z
St Gall: city 1 January 1724 a, St Gall principality1584, St Gall Rheinthal1585 t, Gall Sargans1584 St Gall Togenburg1724 e
Strasbourg (bishopric) 12-21 Nov 1583, 17-26 Nov 1583 Strasbourg (city) 6-15 Feb 1682, 19-28 Feb 1682e Strasbourg 16 27 nov 1583 a Strasbourg City of: 5 February 1682 was followed by 16 February 1682 s Strasbourg diocese: 17 November 1583 was followed by 27 November 1583 s Strasbourg: (diocese only) 16 November 1583 was followed by 27 November 1583 z Strasbourg: 5 February 1682 was followed by 16 February 1682 z Straßburg city 5 / 16 Feb 1682 a Strassburg: 14 November 1583 Also given Strasburg 1682
Styria (Steiermark): 14 Dec 1583 was followed by 25 Dec 1583 a s or 15 December 1583 was followed by 24 Dec 1583 e
Sweden: (not all sources agree) It was planned to have no leap years from 1700 to 1740, by which time 11 days would have been lost and the calendar would be Gregorian - this would have been at the expense of being neither Julian or Gregorian during the intervening years. The plan was carried out in 1700 but not implemented in 1704 or 1708, so Sweden was not Gregorian and was one day ahead of the Julian calendar. To revert to the Julian calendar an extra day -February 30th- was added to 1712. s d Finland was a part of Sweden until 1809, when Russia, who was still using the Julian calendar, took over Finland. Although there was some use of the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar remained official in Finland. d r Sweden: (including Finland) (see also Germany) Law from 24 February1753 JU 17 February 1753 was followed by 1 March 1752. s Sweden decided to make a gradual change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. By dropping every leap year from 1700 through 1740 the eleven superfluous days would be omitted and from 1 March 1740 they would be in synch with the Gregorian calendar. So 1700 (which should have been a leap year in the Julian calendar) was not a leap year in Sweden. However, by mistake 1704 and 1708 became leap years. This left Sweden out of synchronisation with both the Julian and the Gregorian world, so they decided to go back to the Julian calendar. In order to do this, they inserted an extra day in 1712, making that year a double leap year! So in 1712, February had 30 days in Sweden. Later, in 1753, Sweden changed to the Gregorian calendar by dropping 11 days like everyone else
Texas :(Spanish) 5 October 1582 was followed by 14 Oct 1582 e
Thailand: Thailand adopted the solar calendar during the reign of King Rama V in 1889, though using April 1st as the first day of the year. This was later changed in 1941 to January 1st in order to be in align with the Gregorian calendar which is now the official international calendar.
Thurgau: 31 December 1700 was followed by 12 January 1701 a 12 January 1701, Thurgau catholic1584-5e
Ticino: 22 January 1584 e
Tirol: 5 October 1583 was followed by 16 October 1583 s or 6 October 1583 was followed by 15 October 1583
Toggenburg: 1 January 1724 a
Transylvania (Siebenbürgen): 14 December 1590 was followed by 25 Dec 1590 a r x e
Treves (Trier): 4 October 1583 s 5 October 1583 was followed by14 October 1583 e or 4 October 1583 was followed by 15 October 1583 a z or 14 November 1583 Also given Strasburg 1682
Turkey: Julian Calendar introduced on 1 March 1789 15 February 1916 was followed by 1 March 1917 Last Julian day was in the Turkish year 1916 and the First Gregorian date was in the "normal" year 1917 as New Year Day in Turkey was on 1 March until New Year 1918. s In the Ottoman Empire they used the Islamic Calendar. Later, on the Julian Calendar was introduced but at the same time the Islamic Calendar was in use. Also, they didn't count the years from 1 AD but from the Hijra era. A special problem was that the Islamic year was shorter than the Julian year so to bring the years into line again, the Islamic years 1221 (11 March1806 to 10 March 1807 GR) and 1255 (17 March 1839 to 4 April1840 GR) were dropped from the calendar. The discrepancy continued but in 1917 the first step was taken to introduce the Gregorian Calendar as the beginning of the year was moved to 1 March 1917 GR leaving out the Days 16-29 February 1916 and the final adjustment was made when they changed the beginning of the year to 1 January 1918. So the Turkish year 1917 consisted of only 306 days. The use of the Islamic calendar took place parallel with the civil calendar until the Republic introduced the Gregorian Calendar on 1 January 1926 s or Islamic calendar until 1 Jan 1914e or Gregorian calendar introduced 1 Jan 1927. Other sources give 13 November 1917. European Turkey is also given as 1908 and Asian Turkey as 1914 18 Dec 1926 was followed by 1 Jan 1927 x 1 January 1926 q
Tyrol: Sunday October 16th came after Saturday October 5th. r
Undterwalden: 11 January 1584 was followed by 22 January 1584 or in June 1587 a or 22 January 1584 or 12 January 1584 was followed by 21 January 1584 e Unterwalden 28 February1655 was followed by 11 March 1655 s
Uri: 11 January 1584 was followed by 22 January 1584 or 17 November 1583 was followed by 28 November 1583 a or 12 January 1584 was followed by 21 Jan 1584 e Uri11 January 1584.was followed by 22 January 1584 s Schwyz
USA eastern states (British) 3-13 Sep 1752A see also California, Mississippi, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington e
USA: - See also Alaska and England - Texas, Florida, California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico with Spain 4 October 1582 was followed by 15 October 1582, Mississippi Valley: with France 9 December 1582 was followed by 29 December 1582 s
Utrecht and Overijssel: Sunday December 12th came after Saturday November 30th. r 30 Nov 1700 was followed by 12 Dec 1700
Utrecht: 12 December 1700 or 30 November 1700 was followed by 12 December 1700 a s
Uznach: 1584 e
Valais/Wallis: 1 March 1656 or 31 December 1700 was followed by 12 January 1701 s 22 February 1655 was followed by11 March 1655 z or 28 February 1655 was followed by 11 March 1655 a
Valese:1622 e
Vaud: 12 January 1701
Visp: 31 December 1700 was followed by 12 January 1701 s
Voyvodina: 1 December 1918 q
Wales: See Great Britain
Washington, Oregon and Eastern Seaboard: with England 3 September 1752 was followed by13 Sep 1752 e
Westphalia (Westfalen) duchy: 16 June 1585 was followed by 12 July 1585 s or 1 July 1584 was followed by 12 July 1584 a or 1 July 1584 was followed by 12 July 1584 z or 11 July 1584 e
Würzburg diocese of: 11 November 1583 was followed by 15 November 1583 s or (diocese) 4 November 1583 was followed by 15 November 1583 z e
Yugoslavia: 14 January 1919 was followed by 28 January 1919 s or 18 March 1919 14 January 1919 was followed by 28 January 1919 but parts of the country had changed over earlier x. or 15 January 1919 was followed by 27 January 1919 e
Zeeland: 15 December 1582 was followed by 24 Dec 1582 or 22 December 1582 was followed by 31 December 1582 e or 14 December 1582 was followed by 25 December 1582 s or 21 Dec 1582 was followed by 1 Jan 15831 January became 12 January 1583 (this is better documented) and s
Zeuthen: 30 November 1700 was followed by 12 December 1700 x
Zoug/Zug: 11 January 1584 was followed by 22 January 1584 or 12 January 1584 was followed by 21 January 1584 e or 17 November 1583 was followed by 28 November 1583 a
Zürich: 31 December 1700 was followed by 12 January 1701 a or 1 January 1701 was followed by 11 Jan 1701 e
Additional Notes:
From the middle ages until the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1582, the new year began on March 25. However, there is a great deal of variance in the dates adopted for the new year. 1 January was adopted as new year by Germany, Venice and Alsace in 1508, Hungary 1520, Rome 1525, Holland 1533, France (part) 1563, France 1567 (year 1566 14 April - 31 December, Low Countries 1575, Burgundy 1576, Beauvais 1580, Scotland 1600
All other German regions 18 February 1700 was followed by 1 March 1700 z Or 22 December 1582 was followed by 31 December 1582 or 2 January 1583 was followed by 11 Jan 1583 e
Transition from Sundial Time to Mean Time Geneva 1780, England 1792, Berlin, 1810, Paris 1816.
Main Sources: http://www.pip.dknet/#pip10160/cal/node3.html provided the majority of references.
200 Year Ephemeris - Hugh McCraig - additional data
International Atlas Thomas Shanks - Care is advised with the data given here. It appears that the date of the first usage of the Gregorian calendar is given, rather than the Julian date of change and many of the dates given are inconsistent with other sources.
Reuters Greece - gave 1923 or 1924 for Greece
Regimes Horaires: Henri Le Corre (French source)
Entries marked * from the Steinbrecher data collection where they differ from other information.
More Notable Nativities - Leo supplied information about Swiss/German cantons.
Annotated x from http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/7671/gregory.htm
Annotated z from http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/khagen/GregConv.html
Annotated a from http://www.ortelius.de/kalender/greg_en.html
Annotated q from http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa041301a.htm
Annotated w from http://webexhibits.org/calendars/year-countries.html
Annotated s from http://www.norbyhus.dk/calendar.html
Annotated e "Zeitînderungen in der Schweiz" by Michael Keller
Annotated e http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~kent/calisto/guide/changes.htm
Annotated d http://www.searchforancestors.com/utility/gregorian.html
Annotated c http://www.apostle1.com/Sword-1.htm
Annotated r http://www.rundetaarn.dk/engelsk/observatorium/gregorian.html
Annotated f from http://www.thaistudents.com/project/calendar.html
Annotated g from http://www.goindiago.com/general/symbols.html
Information on year beginning from Michael Keller Zeitinderungen in der Schweis via Stenbrecher .
